The Blood Tissue

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Erb's palsy is a form of brachial plexus palsy. It is named for one of the doctors who first described this condition, Wilhelm Erb.

Palsy means weakness, and brachial plexus birth palsy causes arm weakness and loss of motion.

It is often caused when an infant's neck is stretched to the side during a difficult delivery.

Most infants with brachial plexus birth palsy will recover both movement and feeling in the affected arm, often with daily physical therapy exercises. Parents play an active role in helping their child recover maximum function in the affected arm.

This system of nerves then travels behind the clavicle and spreads out into the arm. The nerves that go to the shoulder lie higher in the neck than those that travel to the hand and fingers. Nerves that provide feeling to the hand and fingers lie lower in the neck and deep in the armpit.

The brachial plexus is a network of intertwined nerves that control movement and sensation in the shoulder, arm and hand.

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In most cases of brachial plexus birth palsy, it is the upper nerves that are affected. This is known as Erb's palsy. The infant may not be able to move the shoulder, but may be able to move the fingers. If both the upper and lower nerves are stretched, the condition is usually more severe than just Erb's palsy. This is called a "global," or total, brachial plexus birth palsy.

The products of the three germ layers in the embryo

Germ Layer Product

Endoderm Gastrointestinal tract

Endodern Respiratory tract

Endoderm Endocrine glands and organs (liver andpancreas)

Mesoderm Bones

Mesoderm Most of the Circulatory system

Mesoderm Connective tissues of the gut andinteguments

Mesoderm Excretory Tract

Mesoderm Mesenchyme

Mesoderm l Mesothelium

Mesoderm Muscles

Mesoderm l Peritoneum

Mesoderm Reproductive System

Mesoderm Urinary System

Mesoderm Chordamesoderm

Mesoderm Paraxial mesoderm

Mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm

Mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm

Ectoderm Nervous system

Ectoderm Outer part of integument

Ectoderm Skin (along with glands, hair, nails)

Ectoderm Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity

Ectoderm Lens and cornea of the eye

Ectoderm Melanocytes

Ectoderm Peripheral nervous system

Ectoderm Facial cartilage

Ectoderm Dentin (in teeth)

Ectoderm Brain (rhombencephalon,mesencephalon and prosencephalon)

Ectoderm Spinal cord and motor neurons

Ectoderm Retina

Ectoderm Posterior pituitary

Surgical Neck of Humerus

The surgical neck of the humerus is a constriction below the tubercles of the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle.

It is much more frequently fractured than the anatomical neck of the humerus. A fracture in this area is most likely to cause damage to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery. Damage to the axillary nerve affects function of the teres minor and deltoid muscles, resulting in loss of abduction of arm (from 15-90 degrees), weak flexion, extension, and rotation of shoulder as well as loss of sensation of the skin over a small part of the lateral shoulder.

Uterine Axes

Axes

Normally the uterus lies in anteversion & anteflexion. In most women, the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina. This position is referred to as anteversion of the uterus. Furthermore, the long axis of the body of the uterus is bent forward at the level of the internal os with the long axis of the cervix. This position is termed anteflexion of the uterus.[8] Uterus assumes anteverted position in 50% women, retroverted position in 25% women and rest have midposed uterus.[2]